Most graphic design for printing is focused on the quality of output.
Bitmaps, such as images, lose detail when expanded. Pictures used in printing must have 300dpi on paper in order to look nice, and not "scaly". In the example above, the letters were enlarged. They look scaly. On top, in blue, the same letters the way they should look like.
Font is Romande, by Arkandis Digital Foundry, and a royalty-free font.
From an analogic film, such as traditional photography, there comes a moment when an enlargement loses detail. It is progressive, and compensated by the fact that the image is meant to be seen from afar.
With digital photography, scaling appears. It all boils down to the density of information available. If you scan a real life object, the theoretical density of information is at atomic level (virtually infinite). But let's say you scan a picture that was printed at 300dpi (that is, 300 bits of colour information per inch). If you scan above 300dpi, well, you're inventing things that are not there!
Vectorial is quite another thing. Let's say a company logo is a huge "Q". That is, a circle with a tail. You can describe it with "a circle with walls with thickness 20% of the radius and a tail starting halfway between the center and the edge, as long as 80% of the diametre of the circle, width is 20% that of the circle". I bet you'd be able to draw this with no detail loss even if it was on a football pitch.
Vectorial drawing describes things that are mathematically perfect and scalable to infinity. Computer software has complex languages to describe these objects, and user friendly GUIs to draw them.
Inkscape, CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator are a few of them.
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